不定式完成時(shí)能不能做緣由狀語
在一個(gè)問題中曹老師可能式作狀語修飾謂語動(dòng)詞,原則上不定式的動(dòng)作是謂語動(dòng)作之后才可能發(fā)生的以后的動(dòng)作,所以不定式一般作目的狀語和結(jié)果狀語。偶爾做條件狀語,但這個(gè)條件是以后的條件。那樣在緣由狀語從句中,按邏輯來講是不定式的動(dòng)作應(yīng)該是早于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作的,比如He is happy to have heard the good news. be happy應(yīng)該是聽到好消息之后,那樣這樣的情況下To have heard the good news,he is happy.這個(gè)句子成立么?還有就是To have finished his task,he went out. 這個(gè)句子中To have finished his task也是作緣由狀語吧動(dòng)作也在went out之前為何也是錯(cuò)的?感謝曹老師
目前分詞和不定式都可以作狀語。目前分詞作狀語表示和謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)的事件,to do不定式的一般體表示后于謂語動(dòng)詞的事件。假如作狀語的非謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作,大家用目前分詞的完成體,而不需要不定式。換句話說,在既能夠用目前分詞也可以用不定式的場所,假如非謂語動(dòng)作的時(shí)間早于謂語時(shí)間,就要用目前分詞完成體,而不需要不定式的完成體。
但,當(dāng)一個(gè)表語形容詞需要非謂語動(dòng)詞后置修飾時(shí),一般要用不定式,而不可以用目前分詞(個(gè)別形容詞為例外)。此時(shí)假如非謂語動(dòng)詞要表示緣由,就只可以用不定式的完成體,由于這里不可以用分詞。
表語形容詞后的不定式表緣由,邏輯決定了不定式的動(dòng)作先于謂語時(shí)間,所以不定式的完成體常用一般體代替。比如:
I am sorry to hear the bad news. (一定是先聽說,后sorry)。
To have heard the good news,he is happy. 錯(cuò)誤。不定式是修飾表語形容詞的,不是修飾整個(gè)句子的。不定式需要在happy之后修飾happy。
To have finished his task,he went out. 錯(cuò)誤。目前分詞和不定式都可以作動(dòng)詞的狀語。后于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作要用不定式,不可以用分詞。先于謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作要用目前分詞的完成體,不可以用不定式的完成體。
另外,He is the first man to do sth. 中的不定式也表示先于謂語時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。假如改為定語從句,從句謂語就要用完成體。He is the first man who has done sth. 所以這個(gè)句子中的to do其實(shí)是to have done的簡略。用to have done也是沒錯(cuò)誤的,只不過過于正式而不常用罷了。
作者:大學(xué)生新聞網(wǎng) 來源:大學(xué)生新聞網(wǎng)
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